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News is information about current events, diana wolff dissertation. This may be provided through many different media : word of mouthprinting, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events.
News is sometimes called " hard news " to differentiate it from soft media. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, fashion, diana wolff dissertation, and entertainment, diana wolff dissertation, as diana wolff dissertation as athletic events, quirky or unusual events.
Government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, diana wolff dissertation, have been dubbed news since ancient times. Technological and social developments, often driven by government communication and espionage networks, have increased the speed with which news can spread, as well as influenced its content.
The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper. The English word "news" developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of "new", diana wolff dissertation.
In Middle Englishthe equivalent word was neweslike the French nouvelles and the Diana wolff dissertation Neues. Similar developments are found in the Slavic languages — namely the Czech and Slovak noviny from nový"new"the cognate Polish nowinythe Bulgarian noviniand Russian novosti — and in the Celtic languages : the Welsh newyddion from newydd and the Cornish nowodhow from nowydh, diana wolff dissertation.
Jessica Garretson Finch is credited with coining the diana wolff dissertation "current events" while teaching at Barnard College in the s. As its name implies, "news" typically connotes the presentation of new information. To make the news, diana wolff dissertation, an ongoing process must have some "peg", an event in time which anchors it to the present moment.
Another corollary of the newness of news is that, as new technology enables new media to disseminate news more quickly, diana wolff dissertation, 'slower' forms of communication may move away from 'news' towards 'analysis'.
According to some theories, "news" is whatever the news industry sells. Most purveyors of news value impartiality, neutrality, and objectivitydespite the inherent difficulty of reporting without political bias.
Michael Schudson has argued that before the era of World War I and the concomitant rise of propagandajournalists were not aware of the concept of bias in reportinglet alone actively correcting for it. Paradoxically, another property commonly attributed to news is diana wolff dissertationthe disproportionate focus on, and exaggeration of, emotive stories for public consumption.
Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage. News values seem to be common across cultures. People seem to be interested in news to the extent which it has a big impact, describes conflicts, happens nearby, involves well-known people, and deviates from the norms of everyday happenings. Evidence suggests that cultures around the world have found a place for people to share stories about interesting new information.
Among ZulusMongoliansPolynesians, and American Southerners, anthropologists have documented the practice of questioning travelers for news as a matter of priority. The news is also transmitted in public gathering places, such as the Greek forum and the Roman baths, diana wolff dissertation. Starting in Englanddiana wolff dissertation, coffeehouses served as important sites for the spread of news, even after telecommunications became widely available.
The history of the coffee houses is traced from Arab countries, which was introduced in England in the 16th century. Travelers on pilgrimages to Mecca traditionally stay at caravanseraisroadside inns, along the way, and these places have naturally served as hubs for gaining news of the world. Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins and edicts were circulated at times in some centralized empires.
These were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places, diana wolff dissertation. Specially sanctioned messengers have been recognized in Vietnamese culturediana wolff dissertation, among the Khasi people in India, and in the Fox and Winnebago cultures of the American midwest.
The Zulu Kingdom used runners to quickly disseminate news. In West Africa, news can be spread by griots. In most cases, diana wolff dissertation, the official spreaders of news have been closely aligned with holders of political power. Town criers diana wolff dissertation a common means of conveying information to citydwellers. In thirteenth-century Florence, criers known as banditori arrived in the market regularly, to announce political news, diana wolff dissertation, to convoke public meetings, and to call the populace to arms.
In and —, laws were established governing their appointment, conduct, and salary. These laws stipulated how many times a banditoro was to repeat a proclamation forty and where in the city they were to read them. Under the Ottoman Empireofficial messages were regularly distributed at mosques, by traveling diana wolff dissertation men, and by secular criers.
These criers were sent to read official announcements in marketplaces, highways, and other well-traveled places, sometimes issuing commands and penalties for disobedience. The spread of news has always been linked to the communications networks in place to disseminate it. Thus, political, religious, and commercial interests have historically controlled, expanded, and monitored diana wolff dissertation channels by which news could spread.
Postal services have long been closely entwined with the maintenance of political power in a large area. One of the imperial communication channels, called the " Royal Road " traversed the Assyrian Empire and served as a key source of its power. Visible chains of long-distance signaling, known diana wolff dissertation optical telegraphyhave also been used throughout history to convey limited types of information. These can have ranged from smoke and fire signals to advanced systems using semaphore codes and telescopes.
The world's first written news may have originated in eighth century BCE Chinawhere reports gathered by officials were eventually compiled as the Spring and Autumn Annals.
The annals, whose compilation is attributed to Confuciuswere available to a sizeable reading public and dealt with common news themes—though they straddle the line between news and history.
Between andthe Kaiyuan Za Bao "Bulletin of the Court" of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. Japan had effective communications and postal delivery networks at several points in its history, first in with the Taika Reform and again during the Kamakura period from to The system depended on hikyakurunners, and regularly spaced relay stations.
By this method, diana wolff dissertation, news could travel between Kyoto and Kamakura in 5—7 days. Special horse-mounted messengers could move information at the speed of kilometers per day. This system was initially used only by the government, taking private communications only at exorbitant prices. Private services emerged and in established their own nakama guild. Diana wolff dissertation became even faster, and created an effective optical telegraphy system using flags by day and lanterns and mirrors by night.
In Europe, during the Middle Ages, elites relied on runners to transmit news over long distances. At 33 kilometres per day, a runner would take two months to bring a message across the Hanseatic League from Bruges to Riga. The driving diana wolff dissertation of this new development was the commercial advantage provided by up-to-date news. Indiana wolff dissertation, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scrittewhich cost one gazetta.
Sponsorship flavored the contents of each series, which were circulated under many different names. Subscribers included clerics, diplomatic staff, and noble families. By the last quarter of the seventeenth century, long passages from avvisi were finding their way into published diana wolff dissertation such as the Mercure de France and, in northern Italy, Pallade veneta. Postal services enabled merchants and monarchs to stay abreast of important information.
For the Holy Roman EmpireEmperor Maximillian I in authorized two brothers from the Italian Tasso family, Francesco and Janetto, to create a network of courier stations linked by riders. They began with a communications line between Innsbruck and Mechelen and grew from there. These riders could travel kilometers in a day. These connections underpinned an extensive system of news circulation, with handwritten items bearing dates and places of origin.
Centred in Germany, the network took in news from Russia, the Balkans, Italy, Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Indeed, personal correspondence sometimes acted only as a diana wolff dissertation channel through which news could flow across a larger network.
The spread of paper and the printing press from China to Europe preceded a major advance in the transmission of news. Private newsletters containing important intelligence therefore remained in use by people who needed to know.
The new format, which mashed together numerous unrelated and perhaps dubious reports from far-flung locations, created a radically new and jarring experience for its readers. News for public consumption was at first tightly controlled by governments.
ByEngland had created a licensing system for the press and banned "seditious opinions". In France, censorship was even more constant. The new United States saw a newspaper boom beginning with the Revolutionary era, accelerated by spirited debates over the establishment of a new government, spurred on by subsidies contained in the Postal Service Actand continuing into the s.
Thus by offering free postage to newspapers wishing to exchange copies, the Postal Service Act subsidized a rapidly growing news network through which different stories could percolate. Some newspapers published in the s and after retained the commercial orientation characteristic of the private newsletters of the Renaissance.
Economically oriented newspapers published new types of data enabled the advent of diana wolff dissertationespecially economic statistics which could inform sophisticated investment decisions. Yet, as in the case other newspapers, the incorporation of advertising into the newspaper led to justified reservations about accepting newspaper information at face value. Newspapers came to sub-Saharan Africa via colonization. The first English-language newspaper in the area was The Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiserestablished inand followed by The Royal Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer in and the Liberia Herald in Some liberalization and diversification took place in the s.
Newspapers were slow to spread to the Arab worldwhich had a stronger tradition of oral communicationand mistrust of the European approach to news reporting. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire's leaders in Istanbul monitored the European press, but its contents were not disseminated for mass consumption. The development of the electrical telegraphwhich often travelled along railroad lines, enabled news to travel faster, over longer distances.
The modern form of these originated with Diana wolff dissertation Havaswho founded Bureau Havas later Agence France-Presse in Paris. Havas began inusing the French government's optical telegraph network.
In he began using pigeons for communications to Paris, diana wolff dissertation, London, and Brussels. Havas began to use the electric telegraph when it became available. One of Havas's proteges, Bernhard Wolfffounded Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau in Berlin in The telegraph ushered in a new global communications regime, diana wolff dissertation, accompanied by a restructuring of the national postal systems, and closely followed by the advent of telephone lines. With the value of international news at a premium, governments, businesses, and news agencies moved aggressively to reduce transmission times.
InReuters had the scoop on the Lincoln assassinationreporting the news in England twelve days after the event took place. The rebels proceeded to disrupt the British telegraph network, which was rebuilt with more redundancies. completed the circumtelegraphy of the planet with transpacific cables from Canada to Fiji and New Zealand British Empirediana wolff dissertation, and from the US to Diana wolff dissertation and the occupied Philippines.
reassertions of the Monroe Doctrine notwithstanding, Latin America was a battleground of competing telegraphic interests until World War I, after which U, diana wolff dissertation. interests finally did consolidate their power in the hemisphere. By the turn of diana wolff dissertation century i.
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News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to blogger.com is sometimes called "hard news" to differentiate it from soft blogger.com topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health Diana Wolff Dissertation done in a week or by tomorrow – either way, we’ll be able to meet Diana Wolff Dissertation these deadlines. Moreover, it won’t affect the quality of a paper: our writers are able to write quickly and meet the deadlines not because they do it half-heartedly but because they are very experienced in this Oct 23, · Likes, 3 Comments - UW-Milwaukee (@uwmilwaukee) on Instagram: “Happy #PantherPrideFriday ���� Tag us in your photos to be featured on our page or in our Photos of ”
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